The Expertise You Desire and the Personalized Care You Deserve.
Located in Irvine, CA, Concierge Aesthetics is one of the leading medical facilities in Orange County. We offer the latest and most effective non-invasive aesthetic treatments available. From Asclera® Vein Treatment, BOTOX® Cosmetic, JUVÉDERM® Injectable Gel, KYBELLA® Treatment, Laser Genesis, Laser Hair Removal, Laser IPL / Photofacial, Laser Vein Treatment Latisse® Eyelash Treatment, The Perfect Derma® Chemical Peel, Radiesse® Volumizing Filler, Restylane® Kysse®, THERMIva® Feminine/Vaginal Rejuvenation, Volbella and Voluma™ XC to SkinMedica® Skin Care Products.
Our experienced team of medical providers and skin care professionals are here to customize a treatment program that best meets your needs, schedule and budget. With a focus on safety, efficacy and client comfort, our mission is to help you look and feel younger, fresher and more radiant.
At Concierge Aesthetics, we believe that a medical aesthetics facility should be more than just a place where you come to treat lines and wrinkles. It should be a sanctuary where you can find rejuvenation not just for your appearance, but for your mind, heart and spirit as well.
Our approach is holistic, as we treat the whole patient, not just the cosmetic symptoms. Our practitioners are friendly, compassionate and caring and will truly get to know you on a personal basis, so they can tailor your results accordingly.
Each patient receives an in-depth consultation where we will take as much time as is needed to answer all your questions in detail and make sure that you are fully informed, educated and comfortable about every step of the procedure you’re interested in.
Under no circumstances do we ever try to upsell you on services that you do not need or suggest any procedures that are not 100% in your best interest. Integrity and ethical practice are at the heart of our establishment. We place your safety and well-being as our highest concerns, ensuring that your visit is stress-free, smooth and relaxing.
We keep detailed records of each visit, so the next time you come in, we can build on your previous results, maximizing the effectiveness of your treatments.
While integrity and kindness are the founding principles of our practice, we also understand that results matter. Our patients enjoy beautiful results that are natural looking. The benefit of undergoing non-surgical, non-invasive treatments is that you will see subtle, nuanced changes that preserve your individuality and unique essence, but that also help to reverse age-related flaws such as volume loss, wrinkles, sagging skin and dull skin texture.
Many of our clients are so pleased with their results in one area, that they return the next week to undergo treatment for another area. Once you realize that you can look and feel like the youthful, radiant person you feel is inside yourself, then the sky is the limit in terms of what we can achieve together using cutting-edge technology and advanced products engineered with your needs in mind.
Quality time with Susie, very informative!*
You are all wonderful! Thank you for always going out of your way to be kind, inviting and welcoming. I always leave feeling so happy! The results are amazing....thank you Stacy. It is such a treat to be able to come to my appointments. Thank y(...)*
Always a great experience!*
Always great. Thanks.*
Tanya is amazing! She really knows what she is doing. I love getting my Skinpen with her. I highly recommend her. Wonderful customer service she is so helpful and caring when it comes to my skin. I can't wait to get my third Skinpen with her an(...)*
Susie knows what she is doing and always respects your wishes.*
Tanya is the best! She really cares about doing what is best for your skin type, my skin does not like the Hydrafacial, which she noticed in seconds and recommended a better treatment. I've had a custom facial and two micro needling sessions an(...)*
Very happy with Covid measures.*
Excellent experience, as always...This is an exceptional facility ...Friendly, efficient and superbly competent!*
Everything is just the right way from beginning to end.*
Always a pleasure...
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From my initial check in, to the actual treatment, to checking out was such a pleasant experience. Both Stacy and Terry were such sweet ladies, and answered any questions I had. I have already recommended this office to a few of my girlfriends.(...)*
I have been going to Stacy for over 14 years and she never ceases to amaze me! Love the natural look she gives me every time! ❤️*
Love my girl Stacy and the rest of the girls in the office!! Soooo friendly!*
I love Susie, so genuine and knowledgeable, and very gentle as well........... a totally enjoyable experience....... thank you Susie😍*
Susie was great! I heard about her from a coworker and she made my experience wonderful. Thank you!*
Stacy and her staff are amazing! Stacy is very, kind, patient, informative, and truly cares for her clients. She is a true professional who has strong medical knowledge, standards, and ethics. She made me feel at ease with my procedure and did (...)*
Stacy is absolutely amazing!! She has such a eye for detail and she is so friendly and professional. Stacy worked on my Chin and Jawline last night and I just LOVE her and her experience. Thank you Stacy!!!*
This was my first experience getting any injections or Botox. I spent a ton of time researching and had so many questions. I have to say I was spoiled for my first experience here.
From making the appointment all the way to the end of my se(...)*
I have been a patient of Susie's for well over a year now. I drive almost one hour to see her because she is so worth it. If you want honesty, sincerity, and integrity, this is the place. I've never been happier with my results. They make me lo(...)*
Stacy did an amazing job w my filler injections. She made me feel very comfortable and took the time to listen and collaborate with me in achieving the look I envisioned. The results are beautiful with minimal swelling , bruising and discomfort(...)*
Caring that the end result is aesthetic and having the ability to achieve it*
Stacy is Amazing!*
Stacy and Susie are just AMAZING!!! I am so happy and thankful I found them I feel and look amazing. If you need any treatment please come here and you will never want to go anywhere else they will make you feel welcome and appreciated. I love (...)*
Stacy is amazing! She always give me a beautiful natural look. I highly recommend Concierge Aesthetics for all of your beauty needs.*
Stacy is the only one I would trust with my face.*
The staff and Susie is always very friendly, answers my questions and makes me feel at ease. I would definitely recommend to family and friends. :)*
Wonderful experience! A great team and a lovely environment. I couldn't be happier.*
I love the courteous and friendly staff. I always leave very happy with the services rendered. I would definitely recommend Concierge Aesthetics to all my friends and family.*
Stacy and her front office staff (Terri & Tina) are always amazing. I wouldn’t trust anyone else.*
Stacy you are the best thanks!*
Very friendly and attentive, provided good feed back on all questions, very concerned to my situation.*
Everyone is kind at this office. Stacy's the best at what she does - a great listener and excellent skills.*
You are terrific and help me when I am nervous doing something new. I truly appreciate it and just enjoy going to you!*
Everything is always perfect!!!!*
Susie was fantastic. She was sincerely interested in giving me the best service.*
Where do I start ! Ive known Stacy for many many years and she has truly helped me stay forever young ! I am 52 and when I have my grandson with me everyone thinks I'm his mom 🙂 Happy dance ! She is an artist. As I've aged over the years she h(...)*
Susie is great! It’s my first time there and I had a very good experience with her. Thanks a lot!*
Love Susie!*
Tanya is the absolute best esthetician in OC! ( and I have tried many) Her follow up is amazing. If you have any post care questions or concerns she is available 24/7. She is a perfectionist and is not happy until you are. Together we discus(...)*
Great place! Have been having issues with TMJ and read where Botox can help. Had a consult with Susie and she was so nice, very knowledgeable and helpful. Answered all my questions. I got my first set of injections which did not hurt one bit an(...)*
I had a great experience with Susie. She’s a pro giving me the Botox! Thank you. I’m so glad I found this place!*
Stacy at Concierge Aesthetics truly changed my life. By 25 years old (young), I had extremely deep nasolabial folds (smile lines) - partially attributed to genetics and partially attributed to the fact that I have a very expressive face! I beca(...)*
Stacy and Susie both are very professional, pleasant, and attentive to their clients' needs. The office is beautiful, clean, and very organized. I would recommend this place to anyone. It is truly one of the best med spas in the OC.*
Love love love! Susie was amazing. She LISTENED to me! I'll be a regular client for her and this business.*
I have found my skin guru!!! Tanya is AMAZING and has done wonders for my skin and my teen son. She is highly knowledgeable and will spend time answering all your questions.
The best thing is she doesn't try to up sell you products like most(...)*
I just know that all the procedures I’ve had at Concierge Asthetica have definitely made a difference. I would 100% recommend them for everything they offer👍🏻👍🏻*
I have gone here a few times and I always see Stacy. I can not say enough good things about her and her staff. I had some really bad filler under my eyes that I had to get rid of and start over. She was kind companionate and responsive to ALL m(...)*
Stacy’s the best ! I wouldn’t trust anyone else with my face been going to her for over five years. Great energy ! Staff is always kind courteous overall great office. Highly recommended them.*
I am so happy I went here, I will be going here from now on 😊*
I recently turned 34 and I decided to get Botox injections as a birthday gift for myself. After doing a bit of research I found Concierge Aesthetics and I was able to make an appointment online with a $50 deposit which was applied when I checke(...)*
Best experience every time! Stacy really cares for her clients and it shows. Exemplary service.*
Stacy and her staff are amazing!! Stacy you are fabulous!! Thanks, L*
Stacy establishes great rapport with me, communicating information and concern. I feel in excellent hands with her and am so happy being one of her clients. I love her approach to providing the highest level of treatment with the greatest level(...)*
I always receive the best care, support and treatments from Stacy and her team. Thank you!*
Stacy was so caring, she explained everything she was doing throughout the procedure. Thank you!*
Overall the BEST!!!!!*
Susie is always perfection!!*
Love all the girls there!!! They really care about their customers!!*
Literally..the best facial ive ever had. Tanya knows her stuff! She has a few tricks up her sleeve with keeping your skin lookin fresh..glowy and moisturized. Im so glad I met her to keep my over 30 year old face in check!! Thanks so much for m(...)*
Tanya is a gem! She carefully examines your skin, discusses her recommendations... then goes to town! She uses excellent products and is generous with her time to ensure you receive the most effective facial cleanse and treatment while making y(...)*
What can I say? Tanya is amazing. Her spa in CDM is adorable. Tanya customized a facial for me that left my skin glowing!*
The reviews don't lie -- Tanya is THE BEST! I've been seeing her for almost two years and she never ceases to amaze me. She's the only skincare specialist I trust working on my face, not to mention she is truly one of the greatest humans I've m(...)*
Getting older is tough, but with Tanya's magic, my skin and brows have never looked better. Every time I visit, I feel very relaxed from the warm hospitality and massage that eases the stress away.*
Tanya is what a business owner is about. She takes pride in everything!!! The location is super cute and chic. She's a talented artist in makeup, facials and waxing. I'm so happy to have met her and will recommend my friends. Thank you!*
Love Tanya!! Best brows I've ever had! I always get really bad breakouts around my brows from irritation and I don't get any when I go to her. She uses oxygen on my skin after the wax and it really helps. She's super nice and makes the process (...)*
Tanya is an angel sent to earth for our beauty needs. She is a true artist and gives THE BEST facials. Thanks for helping me keep that youthful glow and for being so personable and warm. Her product line is bar none the best I have used to date(...)*
Fantastic! Great location, wonderful atmosphere, and a phenomenal aesthetician make for truly enjoyable experience. Tanya takes care of your skin...and you. She takes true pride in her craft. Refreshing and relaxing.*
Best facial I have personally ever have had. I traveled all the way from Eastvale because I have a personal friend of mine who is a practicing esthetician which I had met her from work who loves Tanya's work. (From social media) Best $165 spent(...)*
Tanya is incredible! Went in for eyebrow tinting and OMG, it changed my face and looks amazing! Better than I could have expected - my mom already booked to get hers done now, too. Excited to try more services and will update. Tanya is serious(...)*
Found Tanya on here and read all these great reviews... Yep, Yelpers aren't lying when they say she's awesome! I told her exactly how I wanted my brows to look like (no photo) and she did an amazing job. The room is very cute and cozy and Tanya(...)*
Love this place! Tanya is amazing. Facials with her have transformed the texture and tone of my skin. She is a warm and funny person as well, which makes appointments with her a blast! She does great brow shaping also.*
Loved the services here, beautiful salon and great personal service. Tanya did a great job, I had my brows done, can't wait to go back and try a facial. It's a hidden gem!*
Where do I begin. I should of wrote a review years ago. Tonya is the best!! I've had facial services with Tonya for years. Moving to a new area, I had a hard time trusting anyone with my skin. I'm so glad I found her. Very detailed and educated(...)*
I'm SO happy I found this place, Tanya is seriously the best! I've been searching for a good facial/brow place for awhile! I get SO many compliments on my eyebrows thanks to her. I get them tinted and shaped before vacation and I don't have to (...)*
I am so Happy I discovered Bombshell Beauty & Skincare.... Tanya is an amazing Esthetician... She really has a vast knowledge of knowing what your skin needs & explains everything she's doing & why, as she is working w/ you.... Had a Micro- Nee(...)*
It’s always a pleasure at Concierge Aesthetics. Stacy and her team are extra ordinary people. I would highly recommend this service to all that are searching for a good team.*
Stacy is amazing with her expertise and concern with making you feel comfortable and confident in whatever treatments you choose.*
Stacy was awesome as usual. Great communication.*
Susie Ergun was knowledgeable and took her time during the consultation. I felt comfortable and went through with treatment.*
Stacy is awesome and the staff is very nice ?*
I felt listened to and appreciate Stacy's honesty and professionalism*
It’s always nice to see everyone’s smiling faces.*
Everything was awesome, Susie is very conscientious, she never does more than she thinks would look right. I appreciate her honest and feedback.*
Stacy and her staff are professional and friendly. I I'm always seen in a timely manner and am always thrilled with my results. She is thoughtful, and pays attention to what you want to achieve from your treatments. Her technique is meticulous (...)*
All of the girls are just so nice and cheerful! I love it. Don't see that everyday!! It's very much appreciated!!*
I had an appointment today with Suzie for an IPL facial and Genisis facial. She was awesome!!! I have dark spots and large pores and she was very knowledgeable and professional! She gave me at home tips as well. I was worried it was going to hu(...)*
I'm obsessed with Concierge Aesthetics. Everyone there is extremely kind and beyond stunning! I love that they send texts messages to remind you about appointments and if you ever send them a text someone is always quick to respond.
I litera(...)*
Stacy is the best professional to work with. She listens to all my concerns and always makes the best suggestions. She is terrific!*
Stacy Vencill is a true professional, as well as compassionate and more highly skilled and knowledgeable about the services she provides than most plastic surgeons out there. It's always a tough decision recommending your best kept secret...mak(...)*
Stacy and staff are such kind & happy people.... Love them all!!! Thank You!*
Stacy and her staff are professional and friendly. I come for Botox and fillers with Stacy. I’m always seen in a timely manner and am always thrilled with my results. She is thoughtful, and pays attention to what you want to achieve from your t(...)*
Susie is simply amazing!!!! Top class girl and knows her stuff inside out!! I get the genesis treatment and IPL every month here and I am always happy with the results !!*
The whole office is amazing here..so friendly and welcoming. I won’t ever go anywhere else!*
Susie was very knowledgeable and easy to talk through my concerns.*
Love you gals!*
Always such a pleasure to be there!*
I called Concierge Aesthetics after getting treatments at another med spa that shall remain nameless. Stacy & the staff at C.A. We're not only incredibly helpful, they were also concerned and eager to help me. The other med spa Dr. was not ve(...)*
I am always greeted by very friendly staff.*
Will tell our friends of our positive experience!*
Answers all my questions. Great service.*
I have been a client of Stacy's for more than two years now and I would not consider going anywhere else. You may find prices lower than what Concierge Aesthetics offers, but please keep in mind...you get what you pay for. I am a former licens(...)*
Love this place and the people!!
Stacy is awesome - so skilled and a wonderful person!
Professional care. Period. Stacy Vencill cares for her clients. Nothing extra, you - but better!
I will recommend this specialist.*
I've been here twice now for Botox in the forehead. I've seen both Susie and Stacy, and they are both excellent, knowledgeable, and I feel super comfortable with them. I did a lot of research on places to get Botox before I got it for the first(...)*
Soooo grateful for the guidance and time taken to explain everything to me! Love the new office, too!
As always.... the most professional and caring skin care team available in Orange County!!!! You will walk out very happy!!!
Susie is excellent! Being a redhead, I am freckled with years of skin damage. Susie is very skillful in selecting the right approach to improve the appearance of redness and dark spots. She did both IPL and/or Genesis on my face, chest and h(...)*
Stacy is so personable and takes time explaining products and procedures thoroughly.*
Informative first experience with genesis laser.*
Stacy is so knowledgeable & gets my desire not to look fake. Also very good at scheduling around my husband's surgery date.*
I really enjoy my time with Susie! She's so patient and really wants the best for me! So glad I started going to her and have recommended her to many others! Thanks again!*
Stacy is the best! She cares about your look and is meticulous and reasonable. Gives you options.*
I recently went in for a Botox treatment to help reduce the wrinkles in my forehead. I was very nervous at first, but Stacy did an excellent job of educating me and putting my mind at ease. My results couldn’t be better, I’m very pleased. I wou(...)*
Stacy is the ultimate professional and has a wonderful way of putting you at ease. My goal isn’t to look 20 or even 30, but just to look a little less “tired”. I was a bit uneasy about Botox and didn’t want to look frozen or without expression.(...)*
Stacy is very thorough, knowledgable, and professional. She explains everything she is doing so that you feel comfortable and at ease. Everyone is different and our experiences are different along with the outcome of each treatment and Stacy tr(...)*
I really do feel better about myself after having Radiesse. No one knows but I LOVE it!*
Stacy and the staff at Concierge Aesthetics are professional, thorough and friendly. I have had Botox done with Stacy and have been very pleased with the results! She is so knowledgeable about the product and really customized my experience to (...)*
I always thought that Botox, etc. was dangerous and silly, but my wife wanted to try it, so we went to see Stacy Vencill. We both learned that not only is Botox safe, and easy, but that if it makes one feel better about themselve’s, certainly n(...)*
I chose Stacy because a friend from Pilates recommended her services. Since I am originally from Phoenix, I had been traveling back and forth to AZ every three months for Botox….got to be way too much trouble – and especially after I had the ul(...)*
Stacy Vencill is the best !! Would never have thought I’d look forward to seeing someone who gives me injections ? She feels like a friend with her kindness & personal service. As a nurse myself her bedside manner is exceptional, you will never(...)*
I have been doing botox for the last 7 years. I have found that Stacy is the best of the best. After all, she was trained by the people who made botox; how good is that?
I am a difficult client as I have some very large muscles in the forrehea(...)*
Stacy is awesome! So happy to have found her at Concierge Aesthetics. Stacy is very knowledgeable in what she does; she knows exactly how much botox to use and where to do placement so all looks natural. Her personality completely puts you at e(...)*
Couldnt be the most perfect person to come to. Very well educated about everything that she does, she answers ever possible question that you have. Stacy is always available for question. She is just simply great person and is great at what she(...)*
Stacy is the most amazing, talented, educating and caring professional I have ever met in this field.It’s a scary thing to try and find a great go-to Botox/Filler person, but rest easy that Stacy is the right person to see.I was referred to Sta(...)*
The wrinkles under my eyes were bugging me big time so I did some research to see if botox would get rid of it. I actually went to one doctor who had great Yelp reviews but who tried to turn me onto Dysport (I’ve actually used botox in the past(...)*
I have been seeing Stacy for about two years now and couldn’t be happier with the services she provides. She is amazing at what she does! Stacy is extremely gentle, informative, and efficient. Go see Stacy, I promise you wont be disappointed!*
Stacy is so great! I went to see her for hyperhidrosis in my hands. She was so comforting and answered all my questions. I has the treatment done about 3 weeks ago and I’m so happy with the results! Since Botox does not last forever I will defi(...)*
Stacy is great. I found this business after a Yelp search and totally agree with the high ratings. Scheduling is easy and Stacy does a great job figuring out what I need. She also makes it really easy to redeem Brilliant Distinctions. Thanks!*
Stacy is lovely, truly professional and her prices are reasonable. I’m always concerned about not looking natural (I don’t want to look like an OC housewife) Stacy is always conservative with what she gives me. Each time I’ve had her help it’s (...)*
As a guy…I wanted to find someone who wasn’t going to make me look “unnatural”. After reading the reviews here on Yelp I felt that Stacy was the one to consult with. From the minute I stepped into her professional, clean, office I immediately f(...)*
I was ready to try Botox and didn’t know where to go so I started researching online since I unfortunately didn’t have anyone I knew to ask about who to go to. I came across a story from CBS LA News about the “Best Orange County Spas to get Bot(...)*
I have been a client of Stacy’s for approx 5 years. I recommend her to anyone who asks what my secret is for amazing skin.*
I saw Stacy for a VIPeel and was thoroughly impressed with the product. Stacy is very knowledgeable and professional but not so much that you can’t’ feel comfortable. Prices are reasonable and the office is very attractive and well decorated. I(...)*
Stacy is so great I love her she makes you look amazing!
She’s always happy and willing to answer any question you may have, she takes her time with each and every one of her clients. I never feel rushed or unimportant. I’ve been going to see (...)*
Couldn’t be happier with Stacy and what she’s done for my mom. She is super nice, professional and really takes the time to get to know your goals and needs in plain English. She doesn’t push you into getting procedures done that you don’t need(...)*
I highly recommend Stacey for Botox, filler and all treatments. She’s extremely professional and a genuinely sweet person. Extremely happy with my results and will always refer her to everyone. Thank you Stacey!!*
Stacy is the best, and I’ve been to many Doctors and Esthetician for Botox and Fillers. She won’t do anything she doesn’t think you need just to make more money. I’ve never had an issue in all the times I’ve seen her, and I’ve always been happy(...)*
Stacy is awesome, would highly recommend her for Botox treatments! She’s very thorough and knowledgeable, which you want! She’s very good at telling you what would look right for you, without looking over done or trying to sell you on more than(...)*
This past Friday I went to see Stacy for the first time. I was referred to Stacy from my daughters’ co-worker. Even though it was a bit far for me to have a consultation from Stacy, I couldn’t of been much happier. I was able to have Botox done(...)*
Happiness is Stacy making you look fantastic. After my first visit friends kept asking what did you do? She is amazing and I will keep going back…..even from DC.*
My experience with Stacey and Concierge Aesthetics has been great. She was so knowledgeable and patient with all of my questions. I was really nervous before my first treatment, but Stacey made me feel comfortable. Results have been great!*
Stacy is awesome! She keeps me looking fresh and young without looking manufactured. I’ve referred many a friend to her.*
Highly recommended!!!!! 5 PLUS Stars! Stacy Vencill is amazing, and extremely knowledgeable! She made my experience perfect and truly cares about making her clients comfortable and happy! Highly recommend Concierge Aesthetics and Stacy to all m(...)*
Stacy is amazing! Her number one priority is making you look and feel great. She is always honest with her recommendations and understands what looks good and what looks overdone. Her professionalism and knowledge is bar none. I am so happy wit(...)*
Knowledgeable, professional, personal, and efficient. Subtle, natural looking upkeep is what keeps me returning. If you’re worried about overkill, come here where they know when to say no.I am currently exploring DermaPen treatments with Stacy,(...)*
Stacy is amazing! An artist, and very professional. I have been seeing her since February. I had juvederm under my eyes (had bags), bellafill for my nasiolabial folds, and a little botox in between my eyes. I love the results! I trust Stacy, as(...)*
Susie’s injection technique is flawless! No post-procedure bruising.*
Always a nice experience to see Stacy and all her friendly staff. Nice new digs and was so nice to meet you Suzie. See you next time!*
Stacy is the absolute BEST and every experience with her at Concierge Aesthetics has been great. I go to Stacy for lip fillers and botox. Stacy and her staff are professional, kind and very accommodating. I am afraid of needles and prone to fai(...)*
Stacy you are the BEST!! Thank you again for taking the time to make me look and feel my greatest!*
I have been to the office twice, once with Susie and once with Stacy. both ladies were friendly and professional. I love my results and would highly recommend both of them.*
Susie is so quick yet gentle; she’s a pleasure to work with!*
I enjoyed my experience with Susie!*
Did deep peel! Very impressed and happy! Very professional, friendly. Took her time to explain. Clean and warm feeling. It is not cheap, but worth every penny….. Highly recommend….*
I saw Susie for fillers. She’s knowledgeable and skilled. I definitely recommend. The prices are fair and service exceptional. Plus, awesome specials.*
I am so grateful to have found you all! Everyone was so courteous and friendly. The office is very nice and comfortable! ?*
Stacy is amazing and I’m so appreciative of all the time and care she puts into making me look my best!!*
I also wrote a review for Stacy’s business when she was at the other location, but I felt she deserved a new review after moving to her gorgeous new spot. If you’re a man or woman who needs a little tune up in the looks department, go see her. (...)*
Recently came for botox, made an appointment with Susie and she was great, very kind person and warm! This was my 2nd time getting botox, and the first time i did it was at a different place and i really didnt enjoy it , i was basically frozen.(...)*
I’ve been coming to Stacy for almost 10 years and started when she was in Rancho, I’ve followed her to Irvine and I adore her.
I had tried one of the Groupon Botox packages and it had to be redone within 6 weeks. When I talked to Stacy about(...)*
*Individual results are not guaranteed and may vary.
